The Kashmir Wars

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History

The Kashmir Wars

Since 1947, India and Pakistan have fought four wars—three over Kashmir.

  • 1947–48: Pakistan-backed forces invaded Kashmir after its ruler joined India. The war ended in a UN ceasefire and the region was split.

  • 1965: Another war over Kashmir ended in a stalemate.

  • 1999 (Kargil War): Pakistani troops infiltrated Indian positions in the mountains. India pushed them back in a brutal high-altitude conflict.

Even today, the Line of Control (LoC) sees regular clashes. Kashmir remains one of the world’s most dangerous and heavily militarised borders in the world.

Science

Did you know…

That medically, life threatening injuries/illnesses like a stroke, heart attack, bowl or leg ischemia*, and a pulmonary embolism have a lot in common. In particular, they all involve a restriction or reduction of blood flow to a specific organ or muscle tissue, resulting in cell death and dysfunction.

  1. Stroke: Affects the brain, causing sudden weakness, trouble speaking, or severe headaches.

  2. Heart Attack: Affects the heart, causing chest pain, shortness of breath, or nausea.

  3. Bowel Ischemia: Affects the intestines, causing severe abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting.

  4. Pulmonary Embolism: Affects the lungs, causing sudden shortness of breath or chest pain.

  5. Leg Ischemia: Affects the legs, causing pain during walking, numbness, or non-healing wounds.

Although, they can all present with very differing symptoms, pathophysiologically they are all the same — a restriction of blood flow. So technically, you can’t have a heart attack in your leg, since a heart attack implies the heart muscle is involved, but yes, leg ischemia – like a heart attack – is caused by a restriction of blood flow.

Ischemia: a condition in which blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a particular part of the body.

* This topic has been previously featured. Spaced repetition improves your learning by helping you retain information for longer.

Tech & Engineering

Why do we say “hang up” a phone?

The phrase comes from early telephones, where you literally had to hang the receiver on a hook to end the call. That action cut the connection.

Even though we now tap a screen, the old phrase stuck around—just like we still say “dial a number” even without rotary dials.

Sport

Boxing in a Square Ring? 🙃 

Originally, boxing matches took place outdoors, with spectators forming a literal ring around the fighters. A circle was easy to draw in dirt, and the name “ring” naturally described the space.

However, in the 18th century, as boxing became more organised, the ring was formalised with ropes and corner posts — making a square. But by then, the name "ring" had already stuck, so even today, fighters square off in a ring… that's a box.

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Nature & Geography

Guess the Flag

Business & Politics

Freelancer

The word freelancer originally meant a medieval mercenary — a “free lance” who offered their sword to the highest bidder, not tied to any one lord or kingdom. Today’s freelancers still work independently just typically with their laptops instead of lances.

Arts & Literature

Fascism

Fascism is a political ideology characterised by authoritarianism, extreme nationalism, and dictatorial power. It emerged in Europe during the early 20th century, particularly in Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler.

* This topic has been previously featured. Spaced repetition improves your learning by helping you retain information for longer.

Entertainment

One take, no CGI

In one unforgettable scene, Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire) catches Mary Jane’s falling lunch tray—with a full combo of apple, sandwich, milk carton, and tray.

Maguire actually did the stunt for real, using a sticky tray and lots of patience. It took 156 takes to get it right.

Test your knowledge

If you have been following us for longer then a week, then it is time to find out how much you remember 😄 Answer these multi choice questions below! (Answers below)

For more questions made from our newsletters be sure to follow us on Instagram 

  1. When did Muhammad Ali Pass Away?

    A - 2016

    B - 2015

    C - 2013

  2. What two countries start with the letter ‘Z’?

    A - Zaire and Zanzibar

    B - Zambia and Zimbabwe

    C - Zeeland and Zambesi

  3. The battle of Waterloo took place in?

    A - 1815

    B - 1826

    C - 1807

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  1. A (2016)

  2. B (Zambia and Zimbabwe)

  3. A (1815)